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Free PDF CIPS - L4M1 - Scope and Influence of Procurement and Supply–Trustable Reliable Practice Materials
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CIPS Scope and Influence of Procurement and Supply Sample Questions (Q22-Q27):
NEW QUESTION # 22
Explain what is meant by added value (5 points). Describe 4 ways the Procurement Department can add value for their organisation (20 points)
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution inExplanation partbelow.
Explanation:
What to include in the essay:
- Definition of added value: the economic enhancement given to products or services before offering them to customers. Examples may include a product which has additional features at no additional cost to the customer or the provision of an extended warrantee.
- Description of four of the following with examples andExplanation:s: providing better customer service levels, risk management, cost control and reduction, relationship management, reputation management, innovation, use of technology, streamlining processes, improving specifications, increasing sustainability, improving quality, ordering processes such as bulk ordering, inventory management, improving the product from the customer's perspective (e.g. packaging, exclusivity), sustainability, convenience, market development.
Example essay:
Added value in procurement refers to the enhancement or improvement in the economic worth, quality, or utility of products or services before they are offered to customers or end-users. In the context of procurement, the goal is to go beyond simply obtaining goods or services at the lowest cost. Instead, procurement aims to contribute additional value to the organization through various means. This essay explores the concept of added value and outlines four ways the Procurement Department can contribute to organizational improvement.
Improving Specifications
Procurement can add value firstly by ensuring all critical items are procured against a specification, and secondly by improving and regularly updating those specifications. For example, the procurement department might be responsible for procuring light-bulbs for an office. Having an effective specification for this purchase (lightbulbs must meet X safety standard and Y environmental standard) would result in less maverick buying for the organisation and the procurement of a better-quality product. Furthermore, regularly updating specifications ensures that purchases are made against current safety standards and regulations (e.g. the use of low-energy lightbulbs). If procurement don't update specifications, then there is a risk that items are bought that don't meet the correct standards.
Added value in this regard could also therefore be considered the removal of risks of procuring the wrong item.
Stream-lining Processes
Procurement can add value by stream-lining processes such as requisitions and POs. This reduces the time it takes to procure an item, thus saving the company money. Another process that could be streamlined is the re-ordering process of regularly bought items. This could be automated when the stock levels reach a certain level. For example if an organisation requires its staff to wear PPE, an automatic request could be made once there are only 50 face masks left.
Managing Supplier Relationships
Having strong, positive relationships with suppliers is a source of added value as it means suppliers value you as a buyer and are therefore more likely to help in situations which are adversely affecting business. For example, if a manufacturer puts an order in for 300 items with their supplier but then realises that they have made an error in the amount, if there is a strong relationship, the supplier may allow the buyer to amend the order after the fact. If there is a poor relationship, the supplier may not be as flexible. The flexibility in the supply chain is therefore a source of added value.
Improving Quality / Innovation
This involves adding value from the customer's perspective. E.g. a customer may choose to purchase a phone that has a longer battery life than others. Procurement's role in this may be in completing a Value Engineering exercise or procuring higher quality components or materials at the same price in order to achieve this additional feature.
In conclusion, the Procurement Department plays a crucial role in organizational success by adding value through improved specifications, streamlined processes, strong supplier relationships, and a focus on quality and innovation. These strategies contribute to enhanced efficiency, reduced risks, and increased customer satisfaction, making procurement an essential function for organizational excellence.
Tutor Notes
- The question asks specifically to name 4 ways of adding value. You therefore won't get any additional points if you talk about 5 or 6, even though it may be tempting. Instead, focus your response on providing more information on the 4 you have chosen and bulking out your answer with examples. This demonstrates to the examiner that you fully understand the topic AND that you can apply the theory to real situations.
- You could use real-life examples from your own organisation/ experience or you could give a hypothetical situation such as a cake manufacturer. You could talk through how the procurement department at the cake manufacturer can add value by doing the four things in your essay: by amending the specification so the cakes are more tasty, by streamlining the process for ordering flour, by managing the relationship with the company that fixes the machines when they break down, and by introducing innovation such as using an e-procurement system to source raw materials and the benefits that these will bring to the organisation.
- Added value is part of the syllabus for Learning Outcome 1.2 starting from p.19 but I'm gonna be honest, I think the new study guide is a bit crap on this part of the syllabus. The section starts talking about the 5 rights of procurement and I think that makes things very confusing for students. The 5 rights and added value are linked subjects, but they're not the same. Getting the rights right, CAN lead to sources of added value, but added value is value that is IN ADDITION to what is expected. So, when you have a question on added value, focus on stuff that's listed under 1.1.4 'other sources of added value' on p.35 rather than talking about the 5 rights of procurement. My list at the top is more exhaustive than the one in the study guide.
- If you're looking to be really clever you can quote Michael Porter on 'what is added value?'. Michael Porter looks at this from a customer perspective - 'added value' refers to the addition of greater value (either by reducing the cost to produce it, or by adding something that customers are willing to pay more for). These could be; marketing / design, customer service, maintenance, delivery etc. This comes up at Level 5 / 6.
NEW QUESTION # 23
Describe regulation that govern the Public Sectors and explain how this may impact upon procurement activities (25 marks).
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution inExplanation partbelow.
Explanation:
How to approach this question
- You do need to know some legislation for public sector here. This may be difficult if you don't work in the Public Sector. If you're struggling with this, you could also talk about general legislation that governs all types of organisations such as the Equalities Act and Modern Slavery Act.
- This is also a tough question if you're not British. CIPS is a UK based organisation and the syllabus therefore only talks about British legislation. If you're in a different country you could talk about the legislation in your own country, providing the question doesn't specifically mention UK Law.
- Either way I would recommend knowing a couple of pieces of British Legislation. You don't need to be an expert but just state what they are and what the purpose is should be enough to get you a pass.
Example essay
The public sector, which encompasses various governmental and state-owned enterprises, plays a pivotal role in the governance and provision of essential services. This sector operates under a strict framework of regulations and policies, ensuring that its operations are fair, transparent, and accountable. Among the most critical aspects of these operations is procurement, the process through which the public sector acquires goods, services, and works. This essay will explain key regulations governing the public sector, focusing on the Public Contracts Regulations (PCR) 2015, Late Payment Regulations 2016, Equalities Act2010, and Public Services (Social Value) Act 2012, and explores how these regulations impact procurement activities.
The Public Contracts Regulations (PCR) 2015
The PCR 2015 plays a foundational role in public sector procurement in the UK. It sets out the procedures for procuring contracts, aiming to ensure fairness and transparency in the process. The regulations mandate that all procurement processes must be conducted in a manner that prevents discrimination and allows equal access to potential contractors, regardless of their size or location. For example, the open tendering process under PCR
2015 has enabled a more diverse range of companies, including small and medium-sized enterprises, to participate in government contracts, enhancing competition and innovation. The four 'pillars' of the PCR are derived from EU Procurement Directives and are: non-discrimination, free movement of goods, equality of treatment and transparency.
Late Payment Regulations 2013
The Late Payment Regulations 2013 address a critical aspect of procurement: the timely payment for goods and services. This regulation ensures that public sector organizations pay their suppliers within a stipulated time frame, significantly impacting the financial stability of these suppliers. For instance, the regulation has been particularly beneficial for small businesses that rely on prompt payments to maintain cash flow. The introduction of these regulations has improved the trust between public sector entities and their suppliers, leading to more efficient procurement processes.
Equalities Act 2010
The Equalities Act 2010 is another crucial piece of legislation impacting public sector procurement. This Act prohibits discrimination in the workplace and in the provision of services, extending its influence to the procurement process. Public sector entities must ensure that their procurement decisions do not discriminate against any group and that they promote equality. For instance, when a public sector organization issues a tender, it must ensure that the selection criteria do not unfairly disadvantage any potential supplier based on irrelevant characteristics. This approach not only fosters a more inclusive procurement environment but also helps to tap into a wider talent and supplier pool, enhancing the quality and effectiveness of public services.
Public Services (Social Value) Act 2012
The Public Services (Social Value) Act 2012 marks a significant shift in how procurement is approached in the public sector. This Act requires public sector organizations to consider how the services they procure can improve the economic, social, and environmental well-being of their area. This means that when a public sector entity procures goods or services, it must consider factors beyond just the price and quality. For example, a local government might prioritize suppliers who can demonstrate a commitment to environmental sustainability or who offer employment opportunities to local residents. This approach to procurement encourages a more holistic view of value for money, factoring in the wider impact of procurement decisions on society.
Public Accountability and Freedom of Information Requests
In addition to these specific regulations, the concept of public accountability and the mechanism of Freedom of Information requests play a crucial role in the public sector, especially in procurement activities. Public accountability ensures that entities are answerable to the public and their actions are transparent. Freedom of Information requests enable individuals and organizations to access information held by public authorities, which includes details of procurement decisions and contracts. This transparency is critical in ensuring that procurement activities are conducted ethically and responsibly, deterring corruption and mismanagement.
In conclusion, the regulation of the public sector, particularly in the realm of procurement, are complex.
Regulations such as the PCR 2015, Late Payment Regulations 2016, Equalities Act 2010, and the Public Services (Social Value) Act 2012, along with the principles of public accountability and transparency, ensure that procurement activities are conducted in a fair, transparent, and socially responsible manner. These regulations not only safeguard the interests of suppliers, especially smaller businesses, but also ensure that the public sector remains a model of integrity and efficiency and that taxpayers' money is well spent.
Tutor Notes
- Okay this is important: The PCR 2015 regulations are being rescinded in 2024. They're based on EU Law and the UK has left the EU. I know we left a while ago now but it's taken us a long time to address the issue and figure out what we want to do about it. There was also a pandemic that got in the way of people making any decisions in parliament that weren't to do with Covid. The PCR 2015 will be replaced in late 2024 with new 'British' rather than European rules.
- At the time of writing this (December 2023) we don't 100% know what the new rules are going to look like and if you're taking this exam from November 2024 onwards, I recommend doing a bit of research into the new regulations.
- Now the complicated bit- the CIPS syllabus is valid from 2024-2028 and doesn't address that legislation is changing. I therefore don't really know what they're going to expect when students are taking this exam and the study guide information is out of date. If you're not working in the Public Sector, how are you to know the legislation has changed?
- My advice is this- briefly learn PCR 2015- the four pillars in particular, and when the new legislation comes out, have a quick google and see if these pillars are still the same. The regs aren't going to change THAT much - things like transparency and equal treatment are still going to be really important, but there may be some slight language changes. Plus, if you're able to mention in an essay that there's new legislation, it's going to make you sound super clever.
- LO 4.2 p.211
NEW QUESTION # 24
Analyse FIVE different sources of added value in procurement
and supply.
(25 marks)
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution in Explanation part below.
Explanation:
In procurement and supply, adding value means going beyond simple cost savings to enhance the overall contribution of procurement to the organization's objectives. Added value can be generated in multiple ways, impacting cost, quality, efficiency, innovation, and sustainability. Below are five key sources of added value in procurement and supply, analysed in detail:
1. Cost Reduction and Cost Avoidance
* Definition: Cost reduction involves lowering the actual purchase price of goods or services, while cost avoidance refers to actions that prevent costs from increasing in the future.
* Explanation: Through effective supplier negotiations, competitive tendering, bulk purchasing, and long-term contracts, procurement can achieve significant cost savings. Cost avoidance can come from proactive management of risks, improving contract terms, or optimizing specifications to prevent future price hikes.
* Impact: This directly improves the organization's profitability by reducing expenditure without compromising quality or service levels.
* Example: Renegotiating supplier contracts to achieve better rates or standardizing materials to reduce complexity and cost.
2. Improved Quality and Performance
* Definition: Enhancing the quality of goods and services procured to meet or exceed organizational needs.
* Explanation: Procurement contributes added value by specifying and sourcing higher quality materials or services that reduce defects, returns, and downtime. Better quality improves customer satisfaction and product reliability.
* Impact: Higher quality inputs lead to better outputs, reducing internal failures and enhancing brand reputation.
* Example: Working with suppliers to implement quality assurance processes or selecting suppliers with robust certification and testing capabilities.
3. Innovation and Supplier Collaboration
* Definition: Encouraging suppliers to contribute innovative ideas, technologies, or processes that benefit the organization.
* Explanation: Procurement can create value by fostering collaborative relationships with suppliers to drive product innovation, process improvements, and new market opportunities. Early supplier involvement can reduce development times and costs.
* Impact: Innovation enhances competitive advantage, supports new product development, and can open up new revenue streams.
* Example: Joint development projects with suppliers or using supplier expertise to redesign components for cost efficiency and performance improvement.
4. Risk Management and Supply Continuity
* Definition: Identifying and mitigating risks in the supply chain to ensure uninterrupted supply.
* Explanation: Procurement adds value by assessing supplier reliability, geopolitical risks, financial stability, and logistical challenges to minimize disruptions. Contingency planning and diversified sourcing reduce vulnerability.
* Impact: Reliable supply chains prevent costly production stoppages and reputational damage, contributing to operational resilience.
* Example: Developing dual sourcing strategies or monitoring supplier performance and compliance continuously.
5. Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
* Definition: Integrating environmental and social considerations into procurement decisions.
* Explanation: Procurement adds value by selecting suppliers who comply with sustainability standards, ethical labor practices, and environmental regulations. This aligns with organizational CSR goals and reduces negative impacts.
* Impact: Enhances brand image, meets regulatory requirements, and can reduce waste and resource consumption.
* Example: Choosing suppliers with certified green practices or implementing circular economy principles in supply chains.
Conclusion:
Added value in procurement and supply extends beyond price savings to include quality enhancement, innovation, risk mitigation, and sustainability. By strategically managing supplier relationships and aligning procurement activities with organizational goals, procurement professionals can deliver significant and measurable benefits that improve competitive advantage and organizational performance.
NEW QUESTION # 25
Explain the impact that having a Corporate Governance Framework can have on the policies and processes of the procurement department (25 points)
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution inExplanation partbelow.
Explanation:
A basic response would include:
- What a Corporate Governance Framework is - the system of rules, practices and processes which directs and controls a company. Corporate Governance refers to the way in which companies are governed and to what purpose.
- Impact this has on policies and processes - means the procurement department follows regulatory mechanisms (e.g. financial regulations, Codes of Practices), has a checks and balances system (such as auditing), uses e-procurement technologies, vets staff and suppliers, has a clear segregation of duties etc.
This is a very open question and there are so many correct answers. In fact, it's quite hard to give a wrong answer to this question - as long as your response explains a policy or process that a procurement department can have that ensures they're following Corporate Governance - that's right!
A good response may mention:
- Corporate governance is in essence a 'toolkit' that allows an organisation to effectively manage itself, ensuring that it's policies and procedures are compliant with legislation and are ethical. It also ensures that the company meets its objectives.
- The impact Corporate Governance has on the procurement department will be in mandating the ways in which goods and services are procured and in the general ways of working of the procurement department.
- In your response you should mention 5 (ish) different ways Corporate Governance would impact on how procurement do their job. Examples include:
- Ethical Conduct - corporate governance ensures that the company is operating in a legal and ethical way.
This influences the processes Procurement will do and the type of suppliers they will engage with. This may also be in their approach to relationships and negotiations- seeking out collaborative relationships with suppliers rather than looking to exploit them. For example, an organisation that does not have a Corporate Governance structure may look to take advantage of suppliers and achieve the lowest cost possible at the expense of the supply chain and local community. An organisation that has strong Corporate Governance would work with suppliers, developing the relationships and thinking long-term about the impact on the local community. The organisation may therefore prioritisestandards such as Fair Trade over price, and this would be reflected in the way tenders are evaluated by the procurement department.
- Use of Checks and Balance system- Corporate Governance ensures strong financial controls are implemented throughout the organisation. For the procurement department this may result in purchases being made to strict budgets (rather than just spending whatever they want), and business cases being written up and approved before the organisation spends a large amount of money on a single item. Another impact may be in the use of audits. For example, peer reviewing tenders and contract awards to ensue all members of the Procurement Team are following internal processes correctly.
- Anti-fraud prevention mechanisms. An important area of Corporate Governance is ensuring the organisation is free from fraud and corruption. This impacts on Procurement's policies and processes as it will mean scrutinising tenders and who is being awarded contracts. It may result in high levels of Due Diligence being completed on suppliers before entering into contracts and providing a whistle-blowing service for staff to report issues.
- Security measures- this will be to protect the organisation from risk. It may include the procurement department vetting new staff by completing background checks. It may also involve the segregation of procurement duties so that no individual has too much power. E.g. one person raises the requisition and another person approves the purchase. Security may also be in ways of working such as password protecting documentation and limiting access to confidential information.
- Use of a Purchasing Policy Manual - this provides operational guidance on procurement policies and procedures to all staff members. It may detail things like who has permission to order what, who the Delegated Purchasing Authority (DPA) is and the roles and responsibilities of the team.
An excellent response may also include
- Reasons why Corporate Governance Frameworks impact on procurement policies and practices. This could include reasons of accountability, reputation and risk management, procurement's links with other departments.
- You could also look at what processes would look like with Corporate Governance compared to without it (with CG = rule driven, autocratic but organisation is protected from risk. Without CG = laissez-faire, everyone does whatever they like, very risky)
- You could also provide further examples, either real life or hypothetical. Investopedia has some great information and examples you could use: Corporate Governance Definition: How It Works (investopedia.com)
NEW QUESTION # 26
Sarah has recently been hired as the new Head of Procurement at Alpha Ltd, a manufacturer of small electronics such as hairdryers and alarm clocks. Alpha Ltd has a large factory based in Birmingham where many of the products are manufactured. One of the large pieces of machinery in the factory has recently broken and Sarah has been charged with replacing it as quickly as possible. Sarah is considering using the Whole Life Costing approach to this procurement. What is meant by Whole Life Costing? (5 points). Discuss
5 factors that Sarah should consider when buying new machinery (20 points).
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution in Explanation part below.
Explanation:
How to approach this question
- I'd use clear headings with numbers for this one. It asks you for a definition and 5 factors. Number them.
Makes it easy for you to write and easy for the examiner to mark.
- Don't go over 5 - you won't get any extra points for this. So spend your time giving examples and explaining the 5 well, rather than naming more than 5.
Example Essay
As the new Head of Procurement at Alpha Ltd, Sarah faces the urgent task of replacing a critical piece of machinery in the company's Birmingham factory. Recognizing the complexity of the decision, Sarah contemplates utilizing the Whole Life Costing approach to ensure a comprehensive evaluation that goes beyond initial expenses. This essay explores the concept of Whole Life Costing and delves into five essential factors Sarah should consider when procuring new machinery.
Definition:
Whole Life Costing (WLC) is a procurement approach that considers the total cost associated with an asset throughout its entire lifecycle. Unlike traditional procurement methods that focus primarily on the initial purchase price, WLC evaluates all costs incurred from acquisition to disposal. This includes operational, maintenance, and disposal costs, providing a holistic perspective on the true financial impact of an asset over time.
Factors to Consider in Machinery Procurement
1) Initial Purchase Price:
While WLC looks beyond the initial cost, the purchase price remains a critical factor. Sarah should balance the upfront expense with the long-term costs to ensure the initial investment aligns with the overall financial strategy.
2) Operational Costs:
Sarah needs to analyze the ongoing operational costs associated with the new machinery. This includes energy consumption, routine maintenance, and potential repair expenses. Opting for energy-efficient and reliable equipment can contribute to substantial operational savings over the machine's lifespan, even though this may result in a higher up-front purchase price
3) Training and Integration:
The cost of training employees to operate and maintain the new machinery is a significant consideration.
Sarah should assess how easily the equipment integrates into existing workflows and whether additional training programs are required, impacting both immediate and long-term costs.
4) Downtime and Productivity:
Evaluating the potential downtime and its impact on productivity is crucial. Sarah should assess the reliability and historical performance of the machinery to gauge its potential contribution to sustained production levels and minimized disruptions, impacting the overall operational efficiency.
5) Technology Upgrades and Adaptability:
Sarah should consider the machinery's adaptability to technological advancements and potential upgrades.
Investing in equipment that allows for seamless integration with future technologies ensures that Alpha Ltd remains competitive and resilient in a rapidly evolving industry landscape.
In conclusion, adopting a Whole Life Costing approach empowers Sarah to make informed decisions that align with Alpha Ltd's strategic goals. By considering factors beyond the initial purchase price, such as operational costs, training, downtime, and technology adaptability, Sarah ensures that the replacement machinery not only meets immediate production needs but proves to be a cost-effective and efficient asset throughout its entire lifecycle. The WLC approach safeguards against unforeseen financial burdens, fostering sustainable and informed procurement practices in the dynamic manufacturing environment.
Tutor Notes
- Whole Life Costing is on p.28
- Total Life Cycle Costs, Total Cost of Ownership and Life Cycle Costs are all practically the same thing. The book says they're slightly different, but don't get yourself bogged down in trying to remember the differences.
Honestly, in the real world, people use this language interchangeably.
- Other factors you could have chosen to talk about include commissioning costs and disposal costs
- Don't worry if you feel CIPS breezed through this as a topic, they did. It's explained much better in L4M7.
You can read more about it here: Whole Life Costing - What is Whole Life Costing | CIPS and here Whole- Life Cost: What it Means, How it Works (investopedia.com)
NEW QUESTION # 27
......
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